--- ICBM: 42.355469,-71.058627 lang: en title: Make - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation viewport: width=device-width, initial-scale=1 --- :::::::::::::::::::::::: inner ::: {#top} [**Skip to main text**](#content){.skip} ::: ::::: {#fsf-frame role="complementary"}
[Free Software Supporter](//www.fsf.org/fss):
::: {#join-fsf .button} [JOIN THE FSF](https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom?referrer=4052) ::: ::::: ::::: {#header role="banner"} [![ \[A GNU head\] ](/graphics/heckert_gnu.transp.small.png){height="48" width="49"}**GNU** [Operating System]{.hide}](/)\ [Supported by the [Free Software Foundation](#mission-statement)]{.small} :::: {#switches} ::: {#search-button .switch} [![ \[Search www.gnu.org\] ](/graphics/icons/search.png){#search-icon height="30" width="30"}](//www.gnu.org/cgi-bin/estseek.cgi) ::: :::: ::::: ::: {style="clear: both"} ::: :::: {#navigation role="navigation"} [Site navigation](#navigation "More..."){#more-links} [**Skip**](#content){#less-links} - [[ABOUT GNU](/gnu/gnu.html)]{#tabAboutGNU} - [[PHILOSOPHY](/philosophy/philosophy.html)]{#tabPhilosophy} - [[LICENSES](/licenses/licenses.html)]{#tabLicenses} - [[EDUCATION](/education/education.html)]{#tabEducation} - [[=]{.no-display} [SOFTWARE](/software/software.html) []{.gnun-split} [=]{.no-display}]{#tabSoftware} - [[DISTROS](/distros/distros.html)]{#tabDistros} - [[DOCS](/doc/doc.html)]{#tabDoc} - [[MALWARE](/proprietary/proprietary.html)]{#tabMalware} - [[HELP GNU](/help/help.html)]{#tabHelp} - [[AUDIO & VIDEO](/audio-video/audio-video.html)]{#tabAV} - [[GNU ART](/graphics/graphics.html)]{#tabArt} - [[FUN](/fun/humor.html)]{#tabFun} - [[GNU\'S WHO?](/people/people.html)]{#tabPeople} - [SOFTWARE DIRECTORY](//directory.fsf.org) - [HARDWARE](https://h-node.org/) - [SITEMAP](/server/sitemap.html) ::: {style="clear: both"} ::: :::: :::: {#content role="main"} ## GNU Make GNU Make is a tool which controls the generation of executables and other non-source files of a program from the program\'s source files. Make gets its knowledge of how to build your program from a file called the *makefile*, which lists each of the non-source files and how to compute it from other files. When you write a program, you should write a makefile for it, so that it is possible to use Make to build and install the program. #### Capabilities of Make - Make enables the end user to build and install your package without knowing the details of how that is done \-- because these details are recorded in the makefile that you supply. - Make figures out automatically which files it needs to update, based on which source files have changed. It also automatically determines the proper order for updating files, in case one non-source file depends on another non-source file. As a result, if you change a few source files and then run Make, it does not need to recompile all of your program. It updates only those non-source files that depend directly or indirectly on the source files that you changed. - Make is not limited to any particular language. For each non-source file in the program, the makefile specifies the shell commands to compute it. These shell commands can run a compiler to produce an object file, the linker to produce an executable, `ar` to update a library, or TeX or Makeinfo to format documentation. - Make is not limited to building a package. You can also use Make to control installing or deinstalling a package, generate tags tables for it, or anything else you want to do often enough to make it worth while writing down how to do it. ::: summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ### Table of contents {#table-of-contents .no-display} - [Download](#download) - [Documentation](#documentation) - [Mailing lists](#mail) - [Getting involved](#contribute) - [Licensing](#license) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ::: #### Make Rules and Targets A *rule* in the makefile tells Make how to execute a series of commands in order to build a *target* file from source files. It also specifies a list of *dependencies* of the target file. This list should include all files (whether source files or other targets) which are used as inputs to the commands in the rule. Here is what a simple rule looks like: target: dependencies ... commands ... When you run Make, you can specify particular targets to update; otherwise, Make updates the first target listed in the makefile. Of course, any other target files needed as input for generating these targets must be updated first. Make uses the makefile to figure out which target files ought to be brought up to date, and then determines which of them actually need to be updated. If a target file is newer than all of its dependencies, then it is already up to date, and it does not need to be regenerated. The other target files do need to be updated, but in the right order: each target file must be regenerated before it is used in regenerating other targets. #### Advantages of GNU Make GNU Make has many powerful features for use in makefiles, beyond what other Make versions have. It can also regenerate, use, and then delete intermediate files which need not be saved. GNU Make also has a few simple features that are very convenient. For example, the `-o `*`file`* option which says \`\`pretend that source file *file* has not changed, even though it has changed.\'\' This is extremely useful when you add a new macro to a header file. Most versions of Make will assume they must therefore recompile all the source files that use the header file; but GNU Make gives you a way to avoid the recompilation, in the case where you know your change to the header file does not require it. However, the most important difference between GNU Make and most versions of Make is that GNU Make is free software. #### Makefiles And Conventions We have developed conventions for how to write Makefiles, which all GNU packages ought to follow. It is a good idea to follow these conventions in your program even if you don\'t intend it to be GNU software, so that users will be able to build your package just like many other packages, and will not need to learn anything special before doing so. These conventions are found in the chapter [\`\`Makefile conventions\'\' (147 k characters)](/prep/standards/html_node/Makefile-Conventions.html#Makefile-Conventions) of the [GNU Coding Standards (147 k characters)](/prep/standards.html). ### Download Make can be found on the main GNU ftp server ([download [Make ]{.no-display}via HTTPS](https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/),  [[download Make via ]{.no-display}HTTP](http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/) or [[download Make via ]{.no-display}FTP](ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/)), and its [mirrors](/prep/ftp.html); please [use a mirror](https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/make/) if possible. ### Documentation [Documentation for Make](manual/) is online, as is [documentation for most GNU software](/manual/manual.html). It can also be accessed by running [info make]{.kbd} or [man make]{.kbd}, or by looking at `/usr/share/doc/make/`, or similar directories on your system. A brief summary is available by running [make \--help]{.kbd}. ### Mailing lists {#mail} Make has the following mailing lists: - [bug-make](https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-make) for discussing most aspects of Make, including development and enhancement requests, as well as bug reports. - [help-make](https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/help-make) for general user help and discussion. Announcements about Make and most other GNU software are made on the [info-gnu](https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/info-gnu) mailing list ([archives](https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/)). Security reports that should not be made immediately public can be sent directly to the maintainer. If there is no response to an urgent issue, you can escalate to the general [security](https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/security) mailing list for advice. ### Getting involved {#contribute} Development of Make, and GNU in general, is a volunteer effort, and you can contribute. For information, please read [How to help GNU](/help/). If you\'d like to get involved, it\'s a good idea to join the discussion mailing list (see above). Development tools : For development sources, issue trackers, and other information, please see the [Make project page](https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/make/) at [savannah.gnu.org](https://savannah.gnu.org). Testing : Trying the latest test release (when available) is always appreciated. Test releases can be found on the GNU "alpha" server ([HTTPS](https://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/make/),  [HTTP](http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/make/),  [FTP](ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/make/)) and its [mirrors](/prep/ftp.html). Translating : To translate the program messages into other languages, please refer to the [Translation Project page for Make](https://translationproject.org/domain/make.html). New translations or updates to the existing strings will not be incorporated into Make if they are sent elsewhere. For more information, see the [Translation Project home page](https://translationproject.org/html/welcome.html). Maintainer : Make is currently maintained by Paul Smith. Please use the mailing lists for contact. ### Licensing {#license} Make is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the [GNU General Public License](/licenses/gpl.html){rel="license"} as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. :::: ::: {style="clear:both"} ::: :::::: {#mission-statement role="complementary"} ::: backtotop ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [BACK TO TOP ▲](#header) ::: ::: {style="clear: both"} ::: > [![ \[FSF logo\] ](/graphics/fsf-logo-notext-small.png){#fsfbanner > width="75" height="25"}](//www.fsf.org) **"The Free Software > Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote > computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all software users."** ::: {#support-the-fsf .button} [JOIN](//www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom?referrer=4052){.join} [DONATE](//donate.fsf.org/){.donate} [SHOP](//shop.fsf.org/){.shop} ::: :::::: :::::: {#footer role="contentinfo"} ::: unprintable Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to [\](mailto:gnu@gnu.org). There are also [other ways to contact](/contact/) the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to [\](mailto:bug-make@gnu.org). Please see the [Translations README](/server/standards/README.translations.html) for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article. ::: Copyright © 2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This page is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/){rel="license"}. :::: {#bottom-notes .unprintable} [Copyright Infringement Notification](//www.fsf.org/about/dmca-notice) ::: {#generic} ::: :::: Updated: \$Date: 2023/02/26 19:56:54 \$ :::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::